Preface................................................................................................................... v

Contents...........................................................................  ................................... vii

List of Contributors.............................................................................................. xiii

1   TROPOSAT: the project and the scientific highlights........................................ 1

                     Peter Borrell, John P. Burrows and Ulrich Platt

1.1.... Introduction....................................................................................................1

1.2.... The aims of TROPOSAT.............................................................................. 2

1.3.... Some TROPOSAT scientific highlights and activities.................................. 2

1.4.... Policy-relevant results.................................................................................. 7

1.5.... Future perspectives and opportunities........................................................... 9

1.6.... TROPOSAT organisational activities......................................................... 11

1.7.... Further information..................................................................................... 12

2   An Overview of the Scientific Activities and Achievements........................... 13

2.1.... New algorithms for obtaining tropospheric data from satellite measurements

                       Andreas Richter and Thomas Wagner ...........................................13

2.2..... Applications of satellite data in tropospheric research..............................29

                      Martin Dameris

2.3..... Synergistic use of different instrumentation and platforms for
                                       tropospheric measurements............................................35

                    Paul S. Monks and Herman G.J. Smit

2.4..... Validation and data assimilation for tropospheric satellite data products              43

                   H.M. Kelder, R.F. van Oss, A. Piters and H. Eskes

2.5..... The use of data assimilation to augment the utility of satellite data           47

Hendrik Elbern

2.6..... Future space infrastructure................................................................ 51

Albert P.H. Goede

2.7..... Tropospheric Data from the United States...................................... 55

Jerry Ziemke

3   Development of Algorithms............................................................................. 59

3.1..... Retrieval of Greenhouse and Related Gas Parameters from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT................................................................................................................... 59

Albert P.H. Goede

3.2..... Aerosol Retrieval by the Introduction of New Aerosol Classes and Optical Properties: Methods and Climatology................................................................... 65

Rodolfo Guzzi, W. Di Nicolantonio, G. Ballista and E. Carboni

3.3..... Neural Network Ozone Profile Retrieval System for GOME Spectra (NNORSY-GOME).................................................................................................... 77

A.K. Kaifel, M.D. Müller, M. Weber and S. Tellmann

3.4..... Retrieval and Data Assimilation Algorithm Development for Tropospheric Ozone and NO₂ from GOME and SCIAMACHY................................................. 87

R.J. van der A, F. Boersma, H.J. Eskes, J.I. van Gent, H.M. Kelder,
P. Levelt,  A.J. Segers, R.F. van Oss, G. van Soest and P.J.M. Valks

3.5..... Retrieval of Tropospheric Aerosol Properties from Space using MISR Data         97

Johannes Keller

3.6..... The Role of Polarisation Measurements in Ozone Profile Retrieval from Back-scattered Ultraviolet Sunlight......................................................... 107

Jochen Landgraf and Otto P. Hasekamp

3.7..... Retrieval of Aerosol Properties from Satellite Data.................. 117

Gerrit de Leeuw, Jolanta Kusmierczyk-Michulec,
Cristina Robles Gonzalez and Rob Decae

3.8..... Retrieval of CO Column and Profile Data from the MOPITT Instrument on EOS-TERRA................................................................................................... 125

John J. Remedios and Nigel A.D. Richards

3.9..... Quantification of Tropospheric Measurements  from Nadir Viewing UV/Visible Instruments........................................................................................... 137

Andreas Richter, Hendrik Nüß, Björn-Martin Sinnhuber,
Thomas Wagner and John P. Burrows

3.10... Retrieval of Upper Tropospheric H₂O from CRISTA-2 Observations        149

Bernd Schäler and Martin Riese

3.11... Retrieval of Tropospheric BrO and NO₂ from  UV-Visible Observations 155

Michel Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, P. Post, C. Hermans and J.C. Lambert

3.12... Retrievability of Upper Tropospheric Species and Parameters from MIPAS/ENVISAT Data........................................................................................................ 167

Gabriele P. Stiller, Thomas von Clarmann, Norbert Glatthor,
Michael Höpfner,  Sylvia Kellmann, Evelyn Kimmich, Andrea Linden, Mathias Milz, Tilman Steck,  and Herbert Fischer

3.13... Assessment of the Global Distribution of Tropospheric OH Radical Production from GOME Observations.......................................................................... 181

Olaf N.E. Tuinder

3.14... A Ground Validation Station for the Satellite-based Atmospheric Sensor Instruments GOME and SCIAMACHY.................................................................. 187

Arnolds Ubelis, Edgars Smalins, Uldis Gross and Janis Pukite

3.15... Development of Satellite-derived Information on  Tropospheric Actinic Flux and Aerosol Particulate Matter.............................................................. 189

Jean Verdebout, Régis Borde and Peter Vogt

3.16... Case Studies for the Investigation of Cloud Sensitive Parameters as Measured by GOME................................................................................................... 199

Thomas Wagner, Andreas Richter, Christoph von Friedeburg,
Mark Wenig  and Ulrich Platt

3.17... Ozone Profile Retrieval from Broadband Nadir UV/Visible Satellite Spectra: How Accurate is the Tropospheric Profile?........................................... 211

Mark Weber, Klaus Bramstedt, Lok Lamsal, Sandip Dhomse,
Arief Darmawan, Kai Eichmann,  Astrid Bracher, Silvia Tellmann, Vladimir Rozanov and  John Burrows

4   Use of Satellite Data to understand Atmospheric Processes.................. 227

4.1..... Tropospheric Aerosol Modelling.................................................... 227

Maarten van Loon and Peter Builtjes

4.2..... Validation of a Fully Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model........ 231

Martin Dameris and Axel Lauer

4.3..... Global Photochemical Model Evaluation using  GOME Tropospheric Column Data................................................................................................................. 241

Mark G. Lawrence, T. Kunhikrishnan and Rolf von Kuhlmann

4.4..... Construction and Analysis of Image Sequences of  Atmospheric Trace Gases         251

Mark Wenig, Thomas Wagner, Ulrich Platt and Bernd Jähne

4.5..... Use of GOME Measurements for the Examination of  the Nitrogen Oxide Budget in the Troposphere......................................................................................... 255

Franz Rohrer, Olaf Stein and Nicola Toenges

4.6..... Use of Satellite Data to Constrain Ozone Budgets  in Global Tropospheric Chemistry Models................................................................................................... 259

N.H. Savage, A.Richter, F. Wittrock, A. Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer,
G. Edwards, J. Remedios, K. Law,  F. O’ Connor, J.A. Pyle and
J.P. Burrows

4.7..... First Validation of Tropospheric NO₂ Column Densities Retrieved from GOME by in situ Aircraft  Profile Measurements............................................... 265

Jörg Heland and Hans Schlager

in cooperation with Andreas Richter and John P. Burrows

4.8..... Determination of NO_x Sources by Combination of Satellite Images with Transport Modelling............................................................................................. 271

Andreas Stohl, Nicole Spichtinger, Steffen Beirle, Mark Wenig,
Thomas Wagner and Ulrich Platt

4.9..... The Use of Space-borne Measurements and the Ground-based Swiss Monitoring System for Tracing Atmospheric Pollution.................................. 281

Andrea Weiss, Daniel Schaub and Peter Hofer

5   Synergistic Use of Different Instrumentation and Platforms for Tropospheric Measurements............................................................................................................................. 291

5.1..... Comparing CARIBIC and Satellite Data....................................... 291

Carl A.M. Brenninkmeijer, Franz Slemr, Andreas Zahn and
P. Zimmermann

5.2..... Studies of NO₂ from Lightning and Convective Uplifting using GOME Data         297

John P. Burrows, Andreas Richter and Lars Hild

5.3..... Scientific Applications of Satellite Data within the Geophysica Research Community................................................................................................................. 307

A.R. MacKenzie and L. Stefanutti

5.4..... Retrieval of Tropospheric Information from Ground-based FTIR Observations, Supported by Synergistic Exploitation of Various Ground-based and Space-borne Measurement Techniques and Data................................................. 315

Martine De Mazière and B. Barret

5.5..... The Development of Multi-platform Methods for Derivation of Tropospheric Composition from Space................................................................... 327

Roland J. Leigh, Gary K. Corlett and Paul S. Monks

5.6..... Control Mechanisms of Water Vapour in the Upper Troposphere: Large Scale Subsidence in Regions of Tropical Cb-Convection..................... 337

Herman G.J. Smit, Susanne Nawrath, Dieter Kley and Manfred Helten

5.7..... Satellite plus Ground-based FTIR Measurements for Tropospheric Studies: Towards an Integrated Global Measurement System (IGMS) and an Improved  Validation Strategy................................................................................................................. 345

Ralf Sussmann

5.8..... Methodology for Using the MOZAIC Ozone Climatology in Future Comparisons with Data from SCIAMACHY Onboard ENVISAT................................ 355

Régina Zbinden, Bastien Sauvage, Valérie Thouret, Philippe Nédélec,  Gilles Athier, Jean Pierre Cammas and Jean Luc Attié.

6   Validation and Data Assimilation for Tropospheric Satellite Data Products       361

6.1..... Validation of CO and CH₄ Retrieved from SCIAMACHY.......... 361

Anne Grete Straume, Ilse Aben, Henk Eskes, John Gille, Maarten Krol,  Ahilleas Maurellis, Jan Fokke Meirink, Hans Schrijver and
Michiel van Weele

6.2..... Database Support for Use and Usability of Satellite Data.......... 373

Bill Arlander

6.3..... Emission Rate Estimates by Variational Assimilation  of Surface and Satellite Data................................................................................................................. 375

Hendrik Elbern

6.4..... Satellite Validation using Ground-based Spectroscopic Techniques         381

Bo Galle, Johan Mellqvist and Anders Strandberg

6.5..... Airborne in-situ Measurements of Radiation, Aerosol Optical Properties and Trace Gases for Evaluation of Remote Sensing Techniques.................. 391

Wolfgang Junkermann

6.6..... Co-ordination of the Validation Activities for SCIAMACHY... 397

H. Kelder, U. Platt, P. Simon,  A. Piters, R. Timmermans, I. Aben, 
K. Bramstedt, J.P. Burrows,  C. Camy-Peyret, E. Hilsenrath, B. Kerridge,  B. Kirchhoff, K. Künzi,  J.-C. Lambert, D. Perner, M. Riese,  H. Smit,
J. Staehelin and D. Swart

6.7..... A New Airborne DIAL System for Tropospheric Ozone Measurements     401

Alexander Meister and Harald Flentje

6.8..... Monitoring of the Variability and Long-term Evolution of Tropospheric Constituents by Infrared Solar Absorption Spectrometry at the Jungfraujoch, Switzerland       407

Rodolphe Zander, Emmanuel Mahieu, Pierre Duchatelet,
Philippe Demoulin,  Francine Mélen and Christian Servais

Appendix 1   Tropospheric satellite data available....................................... 417

Appendix 2   Publications and Theses resulting from TROPOSAT work. 421

Appendix 3   Organisation of TROPOSAT....................................................... 435

Index......................................................................................................................... 439